A dead drive has four floors — most people only search the top one 
digraph Floors {
rankdir=LR;
bgcolor="#fbfcfc";
node [shape=box, style="rounded,filled", fillcolor="#eef2f5", color="#2e1f27", fontcolor="#2e1f27", fontname="Helvetica"];
edge [color="#7fa99b", penwidth=1.4];
drive [label="a drive that\nwon't read", fillcolor="#2e1f27", fontcolor="#ffffff"];
f1 [label="1 · UNDELETE\nfiles sit on the map"];
f2 [label="2 · CARVE\nmap gone, bytes remain"];
f3 [label="3 · IMAGE\ncopy first, drive is dying"];
f4 [label="4 · FORENSICS\nno map at all, lab tools"];
drive -> f1; drive -> f2; drive -> f3; drive -> f4;
}
Floors 1 to 3 are Windows apps — no terminal, no Linux.
Floor 4 is the stack a police lab runs, and every part of it is free.
Copying the drive is floor 3, and it comes before the other three.
Floors 1 to 3 — the Windows way, plus the firmware revive
CrystalDiskInfo — the drive’s own health in a window: reallocated, pending, hours, heat · crystalmark.info/crystaldiskinfo
DiskGenius Free — repairs a lost partition and pulls files back, one free window · diskgenius.com/free
MiniTool Partition Recovery — a disk showing as raw is usually a map problem, not a dead disk · minitool.com/partition-recovery
Windows File Recovery — Microsoft’s own free tool, built into the NTFS, FAT and exFAT recovery path · apps.microsoft.com
HDD Raw Copy Tool — copies the whole drive in a window, so imaging needs no Linux · hddguru.com/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool
DMDE Free — disk editor and recovery; the free tier does more than its name suggests · dmde.com
PhotoRec — carves files by signature, so a dead map stops mattering · cgsecurity.org/PhotoRec
TestDisk — rebuilds the partition table, so the file tree comes back whole · cgsecurity.org/TestDisk
RecuperaBit — rebuilds an NTFS tree out of a raw image when the map is gone · github.com/Lazza/RecuperaBit
Samsung Magician — firmware update and diagnostics for Samsung drives · samsung.com/magician
Crucial / Micron Storage Executive — firmware and health for Crucial and Micron SSDs · crucial.com/storage-executive · micron.com/storage-executive
Floor 4 — what a lab runs, and the course you asked for
Autopsy — the full forensic platform, Windows installer included · sleuthkit.org/autopsy
The Sleuth Kit — the engine beneath it: fls, icat, tsk_recover read inodes directly · sleuthkit.org
bulk_extractor — reads a raw image with no map and pulls out mail, keys, URLs and card patterns · github.com/simsong/bulk_extractor
bulk_extractor docs — what it finds, and how to read the report · simsong.github.io/bulk_extractor
Every recovery tool, listed — by filesystem, kept current · wiki.archlinux.org/File_recovery
Hardware course you asked for — Professor Messer’s free CompTIA A+ · professermesser.com/free-a-plus · Carnegie Mellon’s open PC Hardware · oli.cmu.edu/pc-hardware-open-free
Four floors, three of them a window away — and the deepest one is free.